CARBON FOOTPRINT ESTIMATES SOMETIMES PROVIDE SURPRISING RESULTS.

Primary beef cattle farming in South Africa is largely extensive, whereas dairy farming is based on both total mixed ration and pasture production systems. Under natural rangeland conditions, decomposition of manure is aerobic, which produces carbon dioxide, part of which is absorbed by the re-growth of vegetation rather than released into the atmosphere, and water as end products. Thus, the cow releases methane and the manure carbon dioxide. This is in contrast to intensive cow-calf systems in large parts of Europe and North America, where large quantities of manure are stockpiled and undergo anaerobic decomposition and therefore produce methane. Thus, both the cow herself and the manure release methane, which result in a higher carbon footprint than the extensive cow-calf systems.

In dairy farming, increasing cow efficiency through intensive feeding (same kg milk output by fewer animals) can reduce farm methane production by up to 15%. In addition, when differences in productivity are accounted for, pasture systems require more resources (land, feed, water, etc.) per unit of milk produced and the carbon footprint is greater than that of intensive systems. This raises the question as to why the carbon footprint of intensive dairy cow production systems is less, but the carbon footprint of intensive beef cow-calf production systems is higher.

The explanation lies in the differences in production levels. In the case of beef cows the weight of the intensive system cows will be ± 30% higher than that of the extensive cows, and the weaning weight of their calves will also differ by ± 30%. In the case of dairy cows the weight of the intensive system cows will be ± 20% higher, but their milk production will be ± 60% higher. The higher increase in production (milk) of intensive system dairy cows, compared to the increase in production (calf weight) of intensive system beef cows, explains the unexpected result in the carbon footprint between different beef and dairy production systems. Unfortunately, quantification of carbon sequestration has still not been done and therefore its effect on these differences is not known.

Reference:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Scholtz, MM, Du Toit, J & Neser, FWC., 2014. Antagonism in the carbon footprint between beef and dairy production systems. SA J Anim. Sci 44, 17-20.