The Research Column

A balance between the microorganisms in the gut is known to be essential for optimal health, growth, and production. Any disruption of this balance may lead to gastrointestinal disorders, weak immunity, and increased vulnerability to diseases, and which could have lasting consequences for future milk production. For example, diarrhoea during the pre-weaning period can reduce future milk yield.

The production of high-quality milk is key to the economic benefits of the dairy industry. It influences consumer consumption habits, enables the distribution of products to external markets, and reduces loss due to premature spoilage.

Dairy cows experience negative energy balance (NEB) during the immediate post-calving period due to reduced dry matter intake (DMI) and increased energy demands for milk production.

Knowledge about methane production in the rumen still demonstrates many uncertainties and some information is not irrevocable or not one directional. The status of current results from recent publications referenced below are summarized.

Globally pasture-based dairy systems (depending on milk production levels) are usually more competitive in temperate climates because they offer consistent profit margins at lower costs than systems that rely more on external supplements.

Direct-fed microbials (DFM) have shown potential to reduce CH4 emissions, enhance feed efficiency, and improve energy utilization in the cow.

Automated activity monitoring systems for detection of oestrus have become popular tools due to their acceptable accuracy in detecting oestrus and ovulation.

In many pasture-based milk production systems, simple and productive forage systems have resulted in swards dominated by perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), as they show high productivity and nutritional value over a comparatively long growing season (Baker et al., 2023).

Oilseeds are a good source of fat and protein and often increase milk fat yield. Soybeans are a commonly used oilseed that can increase FCM and increase milk component yields at higher inclusion levels.

Transition milk, which is collected between the second and seventh milking after calving, during the transition from colostrum to normal milk, contains maternal leukocytes, growth hormones, cytokines, antimicrobial factors, and nutrients. It has been found to contain 15 immune system proteins, the concentrations of which gradually decrease during subsequent milkings.