The Research Column

Butters were produced using milks collected from three feeding systems: outdoor pasture grazing (high pasture allowance); indoor TMR (no pasture allowance); and a partial mixed ration (medium pasture allowance) system, which involved outdoor pasture grazing during the day and indoor TMR feeding at night. Butters were manufactured during early, mid, and late lactation.

A total of 42 Holstein heifer calves on a commercial dairy farm were enrolled in groups of three to different housing treatments; IH (n = 21) or GH (n = 21). Each treatment was composed of seven groups of three calves each. Calves in the GH treatment were housed in groups of three from six to ten days until 70 days of age. Individual pens consisted of one polyethylene hutch with a 1.5 m × 1.2 m outside exercise area. Group pens were constructed by assembling three polyethylene hutches with a 1.5 m × 3.6 m outside exercise area of wire panel fencing.

The authors measured AGEPprog, height, length, and BW in approximately 5 000 Holstein-Friesian or Holstein-Friesian × Jersey crossbred yearling heifers across 54 pasture-based herds managed in seasonal calving production systems.

Several other factors beyond temperature also affect heat exchange, including thermal radiation, air flow, and air moisture content. Although temperature is the primary driving force of heat exchange, it is generally agreed that temperature alone is not an adequate indicator of the environmental impact, because other factors can influence the perception of heat.

In recent years, the Montbéliarde (MO), Viking Red (VR), and Holstein (HO) breeds have been marketed for three-breed rotational crossbreeding. The MO and VR breeds have placed more selection emphasis on fertility, health, and longevity for decades than has the HO breed, while maintaining substantial selection emphasis on increased milk solids. Research on lactation-curve characteristics of crossbred dairy cows is however limited. Also, the persistency of production for MO-sired and VR-sired crossbred cows compared with their HO herdmates has not been studied.

The importance of obtaining greenhouse gas (GHG) and corresponding resource use data on dairy farms cannot be emphasised enough, as baseline data is required to evaluate where to put emphasis in mitigation or change. The publication from South-Western Sweden cited provides such an opportunity. The authors collected data and use Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology in analysis. The purpose of the study was to gain knowledge of the environmental impact of contemporary milk production and how farms differ in resource use and emissions.

Of the newer developments are the availability of high-dimensional omics, such as the metagenome, metabolome and transcriptome, which provide the opportunity to incorporate such data, in addition to genomic data, to improve the prediction of feed efficiency. The inclusion of microbial data in genomic models enables unravelling the contribution of a particular host genome and its microbiome to the phenotype of interest.

For a food to be considered a good source of calcium (Ca), it must have a high Ca concentration and the Ca must be highly bioavailable. Dairy products have traditionally been considered excellent sources of Ca due to both a high Ca density and bioavailability. For example, a glass of 240 mL milk is estimated to contain 300 mg Ca, providing about 96 mg absorbable Ca and a bioavailability of 30 %, which is considered to be high.

Enteric methane production needs to be reduced in livestock, also in dairy cows. Methanogenesis by methanogens in the rumen is responsible as their fermentation results in hydrogen accumulation which is usually picked up into the CH₄ molecule as one of the end products. The compound 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), marketed as Bovaer, has been shown to inhibit the enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase, which is responsible for the last step in methanogenesis, and which in studies have shown a substantial reduction in methane yield.

Grassland soils are arguably the most important store of terrestrial carbon, accounting for approximately 22% of terrestrial C stocks. Over the years, management of these grasslands, including the conversion of native vegetation to planted pastures, has resulted in considerable C loss. This highlights that the lost C should be recaptured and future losses avoided, which depends on how these planted pastures are managed. The recapture of lost C has been proposed as a mechanism to mitigate GHG emissions since it should increase soil carbon stocks.